Vegum: Tomb of Solon

Photos by Jack A. Waldron

Following my investigation of the Goynus Valley, which included the monuments of Yilantas, Arslantas ('Lion's Stone') and Arslankaya ('Lion Rock'), I proceeded north to Kumbet, which was known in ancient times as Vegum.  The sign along the highway (pictured above), does not even give the name of the ancient city (Vegum), but simple reads 'Arslanli Mabet', which translates to 'Lion Temple'.  

The rest of the sign reads 'Frigya Vadisi', which translates to Phrygian Valley, which will be the subject of my next post, that focuses on ancient Phrygiae, or, Midas City (indicated below, in the bottom left of the satellite map).

The 'Kum' in the name of the village of Kumbet, would appear to be a direct decendant of its ancient name, Vegum.  Kumbet is a very fascinating village, and though it is about 1 km off the modern main highway, in ancient times it would have been an important way station and/or crossroads.  To the east, ancient Phrygiae, to the west, ancient Meiros, to the north, ancient Metropolis, and to the south, ancient Prymnessus.

When approaching Kumbet village, one can see an acropolis rising among the old mud brick houses.  This acropolis (pictured above), is home to the ancient citadel, where a palace most likely stood, and today, where numerous burial tombs remain.  Pictured below, a close-up of one of the many tombs that have been carved out of the rock face, though to me, it resembles a guard box that would have been occupied by a soldier in order to protect the entrance to the palace.

Pictured below, another tomb that has been carved out of the rock outcrop that resembles a guard box, though this particular one really has a medieval look to it.  There are also pronounced walls, which give the area the feel of a palace.

Walking amongst the rock cut tombs and walls on the acropolis is like walking through a garden maze; around every corner something new appears that was in no way hinted at before the corner was turned, or, before the doorway was passed through.  What appeared around one of those corners is a stepped altar (pictured below), or at least, that is what it seems to resemble.  A village idiot has attempted to secure their place in history by carving their initials in a shield on the back wall of the monument.

Much of the building materials of the ancient acropolis have been quarried and repurposed over the millennia.  Vegum (or, Kumbet) is home to a vast swath of fertile land that has been harvested for millennia, and thus, farming families then would have lived the roundness of their daily lives much like they still do today, and this would have included toys for the children (pictured below, (Kutahya Archeological Museum).

Of course, a farmer working the hot days out in the fields would have to have a ready supply of water, and probably would have kept a canteen like the one pictured below (Kutahya Archeological Museum), close at hand.

Pictured below, a Seljuk tomb was conveniently constructed out of what are probably stone blocks from the ancient defensive walls.  High on the roof point is a massive birds nest, which as you can see if you look closely, has been built successively on older nests, and probably by the same brood, as storks are known to return to their nests year after year.

When we have a closer look at the building members of the tomb, we can see plenty of Roman and Byzantine marble fragments among the tufa blocks.  The tomb was wide open when I arrived, so I peaked my head inside to find an active dwelling.

With the Seljuk grave stele standing at the head of the central burial plot, rugs, clothes and various other items were laying on top of what appeared to be a number of burial plots.  As it turned out, the guard in charge of protecting the citadel had converted this tomb into his living quarters, and he wasn't squeamish about it in the least.

After chatting with the bekci (pronounced, 'beck-chi', meaning, guard), he took me around a narrow corner of the citadel that I might have missed if I hadn't met him.  I really hadn't been doing enough research with regard to my destinations, and as it is very time consuming, I have remedied this through ongoing research throughout the year.  It really didn't seem like there was anything to see, until we passed by a house, and there in what was essentially the owners backyard, was the Tomb of Solon, or, the Lion Tomb (pictured below).  I know you might like to point out that the sign on the highway said, 'Arslanli Mabet', but when you are cycling, things easily slip from the mind, or, connections are just not made.

The Tomb of Solon is believed to date from the early Roman era, though its iconography (and inscriptions found at the sight) point at a mix of Phrygian and Roman culture.  Following the decline of the Hittites, the Phrygians ruled western central Anatolia between roughly 1150 - 550 BC, and continued to follow the core of their culture under the control of the Persians, Greeks and Romans.

From the courtyard in front of the tomb, there are stairs climbing both sides of the tomb, which lead to what looks like an alter in front of the frieze and pediment.  The frieze is decorated with two lions facing each other, and guarding an urn that stands between them, which would representationally hold the remains of the deceased.  In the center of the pediment is the representation of a shield, and what looks like a pair of horses, though they could be lions, hinting that the deceased had won his honor in battle.

The tomb is either surrounded and/or buttressed on three sides by local houses, and it would appear that the inner chamber was used for storage and/or a living space, as there is a wooden door attached to the back of the tomb (pictured below).  Further, the ceiling of the inner chamber is blackened with soot from cooking and warming fires.

Finely decorated acroterion can be seen at the peak of the roof, and on each of the roof corners.  This truley is a magnificently decorated tomb, and according to inscriptions, was meant to house a man by the name of Solon.

*All photos and content property of Jack A. Waldron (photos may not be used without written permission)

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Magna Phrygiae: Yilantas, Aslantas & Aslankaya

Photos by Jack A. Waldron

After circumnavigating the trail through the Phrygian Highlands, and I say 'trail', because at a certain point along the highland road  it became a rough, yet passable dirt path, I finally arrived at Metropolis, which I wrote about in a previous post.  Leaving Metropolis, I made my way to highway D665, which runs north and south between Afyon and Eskisehir.  I then continued north, investigating Yilantas ('Snake or Serpent Stone'), Arslantas ('Lion's Stone') and Arslankaya ('Lion Rock'), before heading on to Kumbet (ancient Vegum).

There approximately 40 Phrygian tombs located throughout the Goynus Valley, which makes it the largest Phrygian necropolis thus far discovered.  The monument pictured above and below is known as Yilantas ('Snake Rock'), but locals refer to it more often as Kirik Aslantas ('Broken Lion's Rock'), and it is thought to have been sculpted around the 6C BC.

The Broken Lion monument was most likely destroyed by an earthquake, and this section is the most discernible among the scattered remains.  I must however, ask for the forgiveness of the reader, as I am a photographer/storyteller in progress/training, and I neglected to photograph the cliff where this monument was originally located.

Unfortunately, this mistake was not my only one, as there is another major monument known as Maltas ('Temple Rock'), that is located along a trail of the main road, which I could not for the life of me find!  I must have ridden up and down that road five or six times in my efforts to find it, to no avail.  So I promise, I will return to the Goynus Valley at some point in order to do a more thorough job.

If you examine the mane of the lion, you can see the intricate lines and skill of the artist, and because the curls do resemble snakes, perhaps this is the reason it is referred to as Snake Rock.  Again, upon my return, I will get close-up shots of this monument and the others around this most magnificent site.  Pictured below is the monument known as Aslantas ('Lion's Rock'), which is located about 200 meters from Yilantas. 

Aslantas ('Lion's Rock') is also thought to have been sculpted around the 6C BC.  In the center of the rock is a square opening, that leads to the inner chamber of the tomb.  The entrance is guarded on both sides by giant standing lions that are facing each other with their jaws open in a muted roar.  Rising above the entrance of the tomb between the two lions is the tree of life, for the deceased to climb to the heavens, like Jack climbing the beanstalk to another world.

The tomb has been sculpted in an 11 meter high square volcanic tuff rock that protrudes out from the cliff face.  The tuff cliff walls encapsulate the whole of the valley, and I reiterate, I will provide such photos following my future return!

If you look closely at the bottom of the sculpture, just below the hind legs of the standing lions, one can see two more lions in a sitting position; perhaps these smaller lions were sculpted in order to provide additional protection?  Believing (falsely) that I had completed my work, I headed to Doger, north of Ihsaniye, where Aslankaya is located.

There is just something about the heat that puts the brain on hold, because as one can see clearly on the sign, besides Aslankaya, there are two other ancient sites (Kapikaya I, and Kapaikaya II) located along the same road, which I neglected to investigate!  I shall return!!  Cycling the back roads of Magna Phrygiae is very relaxing, on occasion challenging, but almost always serene, where solace can be experienced while swimming through nature.  Perhaps this is the reason the ancient Phrygians carved the Aslankaya shrine to Kybele, the Mother Goddess, here, in this natural womb of our planet.

The ancient Phrygians must have stood in awe of this volcanic spire, as it directs the onlooker to the sky and beyond, from where Kybele has arrived on earth, as a baetyl stone, what we now call a meteorite; and the ancient Kybele stone secured not far away in a temple in her honor, in Pessinus, the sanctuary of Kybele.

The Aslakaya shrine bears a very close resemblance to the Midas Monument in ancient Phrigiae at Yazilikaya.  There too, the Kybele statue stood, or, was seated in the door, and there too it has been destroyed.

The destruction of monuments in Turkey occurs daily, it is ongoing, and there is little enforcement to stop it.  As you can see in these photos, a hole was drilled at the feet of the Matar Goddess, and it is believed that an explosive charge was set-off in an attempt to either steal and sell the statue, or, to disfigure the goddess for religious reasons.  One can see similar destruction within the magnificent Tomb of Alcetas (a general of Alexander the Great) at Termessos.

The guys pictured below were my personal escorts to the monument: I had stopped at a gas station in Doger to use the toilet, and of course was offered tea, and though these guys couldn't speak English, I managed to communicate to them (with my rough Turkish), that I was looking for Aslankaya.

The statue of Kybele pictured below is on display at the Gordion Museum, and is dated to around the 7-6C BC, the same period as the Aslankaya monument.  As can be seen, she is holding a cup for libations in her right hand, a bird of pray clings to her left hand, and the ever present attendant lions on either side of her, thus solidifying her connection with an untrammeled nature.

Kybele is the Matar of all, the living and the dead, the wild and the civilized; she is the protector of the city, the one who holds the wildness of nature at bay, and who at the same time ensures the continuation of a civilized life.

The images and iconography included in the pediment reliefs were not lost on the ancients, who would have made a pilgrimage to this site, probably in the month of March, which was believed to be the month when Kybele had found a newly born Attis amongst the reeds along the Phrygian river Sangarius (sound familiar?).

Two sphinx face the tree of life (center), while at the flank of the sphinx on the left, we see a vulture, and at the flank of the sphinx on the right, we see a hawk, one a bird that preys on the living, and the other a bird that preys on the dead.  The ancestry of this iconography can be documented to earlier periods in Anatolia; moreover, the symbolism of the vulture may even go back to the very beginning of relief sculpture as a representation of the meeting between the physical (living world) and the metaphysical (dead world), and of course I am referring to the reliefs discovered at Gobekli Tepe.

Such religious sites as Aslankaya would have been utilized in much the same way a christian church is used today, but, instead lighting a candle in the hopes that ones prayers would be answered by the god/s, the ancient Phrygians, Greeks and Romans would present votive statuettes (among other relics), for the purpose of appeasing the gods (pictured above).

Pictured below, the head of a sculpture of Kybele, with the city as her crown, protecting it and its inhabitants from the wildness of nature.

Pictured below, a statuette of a Phrygian man on display at the Afyon Archeological Museum, with his signature cap, dress, robe and foot ware, and sword, he is ready to face that which will be presented to him by his surroundings.

Following my visit to the Kybele monument, I made my way back to the center of Doger, where at the main circle of the town was none other than a small reproduction of Aslankaya (pictured below).

Though the pediment reliefs are somewhat inaccurate, one can get a better picture of how the face of the monument was sculpted.  While trying not to be hit by the cars circling around me, the locals just stared at me as I snapped these photos.

*All photos and content property of Jack A. Waldron (photos may not be used without written permission)

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